How does a plant cell differ from an animal cell?

Plant cells have a rigid cell wall, large vacuoles, and plastids (chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts) which are absent in animal cells. Animal cells have centrioles which plant cells lack.

Why is the mitochondria called the powerhouse of the cell?

Mitochondria produce energy in the form of ATP through aerobic respiration. Since ATP is the energy currency used for all cellular activities, mitochondria are called the powerhouse of the cell.

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Cell Biology — Exercise Solutions Guide

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I. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Q1. Basic unit of life.

(a) Tissue (b) Organ (c) Cell (d) Organism

Answer(a) Cell — The cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of life. All living organisms — from bacteria to whales — are made of cells. Tissues, organs, and organisms are all built from cells, so the cell is the fundamental unit.

Q2. The outermost layer of an animal cell. Who am I?

(a) Cell wall (b) Nuclear membrane (c) Cell membrane (d) Cytoplasm

Answer(c) Cell membrane — Animal cells do not have a cell wall. The cell membrane (plasma membrane) is the outermost covering of an animal cell. It is selectively permeable and controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Q3. Which part of the cell is called the brain of the cell?

(a) Cytoplasm (b) Mitochondria (c) Ribosome (d) Nucleus

Answer(d) Nucleus — The nucleus directs all cell activities — growth, metabolism, protein synthesis, and cell division. Because it controls and coordinates everything, it is called the "brain of the cell."

Q4. _______ helps in cell division.

(a) Nucleus (b) Chromosomes (c) Centriole (d) Ribosome

Answer(c) Centriole — Centrioles are cylindrical structures found only in animal cells. They organise spindle fibres during cell division, which help separate chromosomes equally between daughter cells.

Q5. Suitable term for the various components of a cell is _______

(a) Cell wall (b) Cytoplasm (c) Protoplasm (d) Cell organelle

Answer(d) Cell organelle — Each specialised structure inside a cell — nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome, etc. — is called a cell organelle. "Organelle" literally means "little organ," reflecting that each has a specific role.

Additional MCQs

Q6. _______ is the largest organelle.

(a) Mitochondria (b) Chloroplast (c) Nucleus (d) Golgi body

Answer(c) Nucleus — The nucleus is the largest organelle in a cell. It contains the genetic material (DNA) and controls all cellular activities.

Q7. The ______ cells are spindle shaped.

(a) Muscle (b) Nerve (c) Blood (d) Skin

Answer(a) Muscle — Muscle cells are elongated and spindle-shaped to allow contraction and relaxation, which produces movement.

Q8. The ______ plays a role in change of colour and taste of fruits.

(a) Ribosome (b) Golgi bodies (c) Lysosome (d) Vacuole

Answer(b) Golgi bodies — Golgi bodies modify, store, and package substances. They contribute to forming pigments that change fruit colour and secrete enzymes that alter fruit taste.

Q9. ______ lacks a nucleus.

(a) WBC (b) Neuron (c) RBC (d) Cheek cell

Answer(c) RBC — Mature red blood cells (erythrocytes) lose their nucleus during maturation. This creates more space for haemoglobin, improving oxygen transport efficiency.

Q10. Starch is stored in ______

(a) Chromoplast (b) Leucoplast (c) Chloroplast (d) Vacuole

Answer(b) Leucoplast — Leucoplasts are colourless plastids that store starch, proteins, and lipids. They are found in non-green parts of plants like roots and tubers.

II. Fill in the Blanks

1. The jelly-like substance present in the cell is called ______

AnswerCytoplasm

The cytoplasm is a semi-fluid, jelly-like substance that fills the cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus. It contains organelles and is the site of many chemical reactions.

2. "I convert the Sun's energy into food for the plant. Who am I?" — ______

AnswerChloroplast

Chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll, which captures sunlight and uses it to synthesise glucose through photosynthesis.

3. Mature Red blood cells do not contain a ______

AnswerNucleus

Mature RBCs eject their nucleus during development. This adaptation allows them to carry more haemoglobin and hence more oxygen.

4. Unicellular organisms can only be seen under a ______

AnswerMicroscope

Unicellular organisms like Amoeba and bacteria are microscopic — too small to be seen with the naked eye. A microscope magnifies them for observation.

5. Cytoplasm plus nucleoplasm is equal to ______

AnswerProtoplasm

Protoplasm is the total living content of a cell — cytoplasm (outside the nucleus) plus nucleoplasm (inside the nucleus). It includes all organic and inorganic substances.

Additional Fill in the Blanks

6. Plastids with coloured pigments are called ______

AnswerChromoplasts

Chromoplasts contain pigments such as carotene (orange) and xanthophyll (yellow). They give flowers and fruits their bright colours, attracting pollinators.

7. Cells that multiply into different types are called ______

AnswerStem cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells capable of dividing and developing into various specialised cell types. They are found in both plants and animals.

8. Seen only in animal cells — ______

AnswerCentrioles

Centrioles are cylindrical structures unique to animal cells. They help organise spindle fibres during cell division.

9. Organelle found in both bacteria and higher organisms — ______

AnswerRibosome

Ribosomes are the only organelles found in both prokaryotic cells (bacteria) and eukaryotic cells (plants, animals). They synthesise proteins and lack a membrane.

10. Cell wall is made of ______

AnswerCellulose

The plant cell wall is composed mainly of cellulose, a tough carbohydrate polymer. It provides rigidity, protection, and shape to plant cells.

III. True or False (with Corrections)

Q1. Animal cells have a cell wall.

AnswerFalse ✗ Correction: Plant cells have a cell wall; animal cells do not. The cell wall is made of cellulose and provides rigidity. Animal cells rely on the cell membrane as their outermost boundary.

Q2. Salmonella is a unicellular bacteria.

AnswerTrue ✓ Salmonella is a single-celled bacterium. All bacteria are unicellular organisms.

Q3. Cell membrane is fully permeable.

AnswerFalse ✗ Correction: The cell membrane is selectively permeable (semi-permeable). It allows only certain molecules — like water, oxygen, and small nutrients — to pass through while blocking others.

Q4. Only plant cells have chloroplasts.

AnswerTrue ✓ Chloroplasts are found exclusively in plant cells (and some algae). They contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis. Animal cells do not perform photosynthesis and therefore lack chloroplasts.

Q5. Human stomach is an organ.

AnswerTrue ✓ The stomach is an organ made up of multiple tissues (epithelial, muscular, connective) working together to digest food.

Q6. Ribosomes are small organelles with a membrane.

AnswerFalse ✗ Correction: Ribosomes are small organelles without a membrane. They are non-membranous structures made of rRNA and proteins, and are the only organelles found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Additional True or False

Q7. Leucoplasts store steroids.

AnswerFalse ✗ Correction: Leucoplasts store starch, proteins, and lipids — not steroids. They are colourless plastids found in non-green plant parts.

Q8. Bacteria is an animal cell.

AnswerFalse ✗ Correction: A bacterial cell is a prokaryotic cell — it lacks a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. It is neither a plant cell nor an animal cell. However, in some classification systems bacteria are grouped under the plant kingdom because they have a cell wall.

Q9. Amoeba contains chloroplasts.

AnswerFalse ✗ Correction: Amoeba is an animal-like protozoan. It does not contain chloroplasts and cannot photosynthesise. It obtains nutrition by engulfing food particles.

Q10. Mitochondria can help to photosynthesise.

AnswerFalse ✗ Correction: Mitochondria produce energy (ATP) through aerobic respiration. Photosynthesis is carried out by chloroplasts, not mitochondria.

Q11. The cytoplasm consists of 90% water.

AnswerTrue ✓ The cytoplasm is approximately 90% water. The remaining 10% includes proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, and other organic molecules.

Q12. The body of a nerve cell is branched.

AnswerTrue ✓ Nerve cells (neurons) have branched structures called dendrites that receive signals and an elongated axon that transmits signals. The branching increases the surface area for communication with other cells.

IV. Match the Following

#	Column A	Column B	Match
1	Transporting channel	Endoplasmic reticulum	Endoplasmic reticulum
2	Suicidal bag	Lysosome	Lysosome
3	Control room	Nucleus	Nucleus
4	Power house	Mitochondria	Mitochondria
5	Food producer	Chloroplast	Chloroplast

Explanation- Endoplasmic reticulum forms a network of channels that transport substances within the cell. - Lysosomes digest damaged organelles and can destroy the entire cell — hence "suicidal bags." - Nucleus controls all cell activities — the "control room." - Mitochondria produce ATP (energy) — the "powerhouse." - Chloroplasts produce food (glucose) via photosynthesis — the "food producer."

V. Analogy

Q1. Bacteria : microorganism :: mango tree : ______

AnswerMacroorganism

Just as bacteria are tiny (microscopic) organisms, a mango tree is a large, visible organism — a macroorganism.

Q2. Adipose : tissue :: eye : ______

AnswerOrgan

Adipose is a tissue (fat-storing tissue). The eye is an organ — a group of tissues working together for a specific function (vision).

Q3. Cell wall : plant cell :: centriole : ______

AnswerAnimal cell

The cell wall is a structure unique to plant cells. Centrioles are structures unique to animal cells.

Q4. Chloroplast : photosynthesis :: mitochondria : ______

AnswerRespiration

Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis (making food using sunlight). Mitochondria perform aerobic respiration (producing energy from food).

Additional Analogy

Q5. Golgi : secretion :: Endoplasmic reticulum : ______

AnswerTransport

The Golgi complex secretes and packages substances. The endoplasmic reticulum transports materials within the cell.

Q6. Plant tissue : Xylem :: Animal tissue : ______

AnswerEpithelium

Xylem is a plant tissue. Epithelium is an animal tissue.

Q7. Plant organ : stem :: Animal organ : ______

AnswerStomach

The stem is a plant organ. The stomach is an animal organ.

VI. Assertion and Reason

Q1. A: "Tissue is a group of dissimilar cells." R: "Muscle is made up of muscle cells."

Answer(a) Both A and R are true A tissue is a group of cells that work together. Muscle tissue is made up of muscle cells that are similar in structure and function, performing contraction and movement.

Q2. A: "Majority of cells cannot be seen directly with naked eye because." R: "Cells are microscopic."

Answer(a) Both A and R are true Most cells are too small (1–100 micrometres) to be seen without a microscope. Hence, they are described as microscopic.

Additional Assertion and Reason

Q3. A: "Stem cells can form different types of cells." R: "They are found in plants and animals."

Answer(c) A is true but R is false Stem cells can indeed differentiate into various cell types. However, the reason — "they are found in plants and animals" — does not explain why they can form different cell types. The real reason is their undifferentiated nature and potency.

Q4. A: "The cell wall has pores." R: "Each cell is connected to its neighbouring cell."

Answer(a) Both A and R are true The cell wall has pores called plasmodesmata through which cytoplasmic strands connect adjacent plant cells, allowing transport and communication.

VII. Very Short Answers

Q1. What are the functions of the cell wall in plant cells?

AnswerThe cell wall (i) provides a protective framework for the cell, (ii) maintains the shape and rigidity of the cell, and (iii) protects the cell from mechanical damage and infection.

Q2. Which organelle uses sunlight to make starch?

AnswerChloroplast. It contains chlorophyll which captures sunlight and converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose (starch) through photosynthesis.

Q3. What are the main things in a nucleus?

AnswerThe nucleus contains (i) the nuclear envelope (double membrane), (ii) the nucleolus (produces ribosomes), and (iii) the chromatin body (DNA and proteins that form chromosomes).

Q4. What does the cell membrane do?

AnswerThe cell membrane serves as the cell's outer boundary. It protects the cell, gives shape (in animal cells), and is selectively permeable — controlling what enters and leaves the cell.

Q5. Why are lysosomes called scavengers of the cell?

AnswerLysosomes contain powerful digestive enzymes that break down damaged organelles, waste materials, and foreign particles. They clean up the cell by digesting these unwanted materials — hence called scavengers.

Q6. "A virus is not an organism" — do you agree?

AnswerYes, I agree. A virus lacks a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles. It cannot reproduce or carry out metabolic activities on its own. It behaves as living only inside a host cell.

Additional Very Short Answers

Q7. Define a tissue.

AnswerA tissue is a group of similar cells organised to perform a specific function together. Examples: muscle tissue, nervous tissue, epithelial tissue.

Q8. What is Plasmodesmata?

AnswerPlasmodesmata are microscopic pores in the cell wall through which the cytoplasm of one plant cell connects with its neighbouring cell, enabling transport and communication.

Q9. What is ATP?

AnswerATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate. It is the energy currency of the cell — it stores and releases energy needed for all cellular activities.

Q10. What is unique about embryonic stem cells?

AnswerEmbryonic stem cells are pluripotent — they can develop into any of the 200+ cell types in the human body. This makes them valuable for medical research and therapies.

Q11. What are the types of plastids?

AnswerThe three types of plastids are: (i) Chloroplasts (green, contain chlorophyll), (ii) Chromoplasts (coloured, contain carotenoids), and (iii) Leucoplasts (colourless, store starch/proteins/lipids).

Q12. Name a cell that lacks a nucleus.

AnswerMature red blood cell (RBC / erythrocyte). It loses its nucleus during maturation to carry more haemoglobin.

VIII. Short Answers

Q1. Why is the cell important?

AnswerThe cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Every organism is made of cells. Cells group together to form tissues, tissues form organs, organs form organ systems, and organ systems form the organism. Without cells, there is no life.

Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism

Q2. Distinguish the following:

(a) Smooth ER vs. Rough ER

Feature	Rough ER	Smooth ER
Ribosomes	Present on surface	Absent
Appearance	Rough, granular	Smooth, tubular
Function	Protein synthesis	Lipid synthesis, detoxification

(b) Cell wall vs. Cell membrane

Feature	Cell Wall	Cell Membrane
Found in	Plant cells, bacteria	All cells
Permeability	Fully permeable	Selectively permeable
Composition	Cellulose (plants)	Lipids and proteins
Function	Protection, rigidity	Protection, transport control

(c) Chloroplast vs. Mitochondria

Feature	Chloroplast	Mitochondria
Function	Photosynthesis (makes food)	Respiration (produces energy)
Pigment	Contains chlorophyll	No pigment
Found in	Plant cells only	All living cells
Energy	Converts light → chemical	Converts chemical → ATP

Q3. Arrange from cell to organism.

Answer

Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism

Example: Muscle cell → Muscle tissue → Stomach → Digestive system → Human

Q4. Write a short note on the nucleus.

AnswerThe nucleus is the largest organelle, located in the cytoplasm. It is surrounded by a double-layered nuclear envelope with pores. Inside, it contains the nucleolus and chromatin body (DNA + proteins). The nucleus controls all cell processes — growth, metabolism, reproduction, and protein synthesis. It also carries hereditary information from parent to daughter cells during cell division.

Q5. Classify the following into Cell, Tissue, or Organ:

Structure	Level
Neuron	Cell
RBC	Cell
WBC	Cell
Ovum	Cell
Xylem	Tissue
Adipose	Tissue
Muscle	Tissue
Squamous	Tissue
Phloem	Tissue
Cartilage	Tissue
Lungs	Organ
Brain	Organ
Leaf	Organ
Hand	Organ
Heart	Organ

Q6. Summary of key concepts in cell biology.

Answer

The cell is the basic unit of life.
Cells have organelles, each with a specific function.
Plant cells differ from animal cells (cell wall, plastids, large vacuole).
Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ systems → Organism.
The nucleus controls the cell; mitochondria produce energy; chloroplasts make food.
Lysosomes digest waste; ER transports; Golgi packages.

Additional Short Answers

Q7. Why are lysosomes called "suicidal bags"?

AnswerLysosomes contain powerful digestive enzymes. If a lysosome bursts, these enzymes can digest the cell's own contents, destroying the entire cell. This self-destruction gives them the name "suicidal bags."

Q8. What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

AnswerThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of flat and tubular sacs within the cytoplasm. There are two types: Rough ER (has ribosomes on its surface, helps in protein synthesis and transport) and Smooth ER (lacks ribosomes, helps in lipid synthesis and detoxification). ER connects the cell membrane to the nuclear membrane, forming a transport channel.

Q9. What are the functions of the nucleus?

Answer1. Controls all cell processes and chemical reactions. 2. Enables inheritance by carrying genetic information (DNA) from parent to daughter cells. 3. Coordinates cell growth and metabolism. 4. Synthesises ribosomes via the nucleolus.

Q10. Why is mitochondria called the powerhouse?

AnswerMitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration. They oxidise glucose and produce ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), which is the energy currency of the cell. Since ATP powers all cellular activities, mitochondria are called the "powerhouse of the cell."

Q11. What is a vacuole?

AnswerA vacuole is a membrane-bound, sac-like structure filled with organic and inorganic molecules and water. It stores food, water, and waste. Plant cells have large, permanent vacuoles, while animal cells have very small or temporary vacuoles.

IX. Detailed Answers

Q1. Write about three organelles in detail.

(a) Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts are green, double-membraned organelles found only in plant cells. They contain the pigment chlorophyll, which traps sunlight. The inner membrane folds into disc-shaped structures called thylakoids arranged in stacks (grana). Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis — converting carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using sunlight. The glucose may be stored as starch.

(b) Golgi Complex (Golgi Apparatus)

The Golgi complex consists of flat, disc-shaped sacs called cisternae stacked together. It receives proteins and lipids from the ER, modifies them, packages them into vesicles, and secretes them outside the cell or to other organelles. It plays a role in forming cell plate during plant cell division, changing fruit colour and taste, and producing lysosomes.

(c) Mitochondria

Mitochondria are double-membraned organelles — the outer membrane is smooth, and the inner membrane folds into cristae to increase surface area. The fluid inside is called the matrix. Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration where glucose is broken down to release ATP (energy). They have their own DNA and ribosomes, and can replicate independently — earning them the name "semi-autonomous organelles."

Q2. Explain the animal cell with a labelled diagram.

AnswerAn animal cell contains the following structures:

1. Cell membrane — the outermost, selectively permeable covering. 2. Cytoplasm — jelly-like substance filling the cell. 3. Nucleus — the control centre with nuclear envelope, nucleolus, and chromatin. 4. Mitochondria — produces ATP (energy). 5. Endoplasmic reticulum — transport channel (rough and smooth). 6. Golgi complex — packages and secretes substances. 7. Lysosomes — digest waste and damaged organelles. 8. Ribosomes — synthesise proteins (no membrane). 9. Centrioles — help in cell division (unique to animal cells). 10. Vacuoles — small, temporary storage sacs.

Note: Animal cells lack a cell wall, chloroplasts, and large vacuoles — key differences from plant cells.

Q3. Compare plant cell and animal cell.

Feature	Plant Cell	Animal Cell
Cell wall	Present (cellulose)	Absent
Cell shape	Fixed, rectangular	Irregular, round
Plastids	Present (chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts)	Absent
Centrioles	Absent	Present
Vacuoles	One large, permanent	Small, temporary
Size	Larger (10–100 µm)	Smaller (1–10 µm)
Nucleus	On the side	Central
Starch grains	Present	Absent (glycogen instead)
Lysosomes	Rare	Present
Nutrition	Autotrophic (makes food)	Heterotrophic (takes in food)

Additional Long Answers

Q4. Write the functions of the cell wall (5 points).

Answer1. Protective framework — Provides structural support and protects the cell from mechanical injury. 2. Rigidity — Gives rigidity to plant cells, keeping them turgid and upright. 3. Shape — Maintains a definite shape for the cell. 4. Plasmodesmata — Contains pores (plasmodesmata) that allow intercellular transport and communication between neighbouring cells. 5. Protective covering — Acts as a barrier against pathogens and prevents over-expansion of the cell when water enters.

Q5. Draw a plant cell and label the parts.

AnswerA plant cell contains the following labelled parts:

1. Cell wall (outermost, rigid layer) 2. Cell membrane (inside cell wall) 3. Cytoplasm (jelly-like interior) 4. Nucleus (with nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin) 5. Chloroplasts (green, with thylakoids) 6. Mitochondria (double-membraned, cristae) 7. Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth) 8. Golgi complex (stacked cisternae) 9. Large central vacuole (with cell sap) 10. Ribosomes (tiny dots on rough ER) 11. Plasmodesmata (pores in cell wall)

Note: Unlike animal cells, plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole. They lack centrioles.

Q6. Tabulate the differences between plant cell and animal cell.

#	Feature	Plant Cell	Animal Cell
1	Cell wall	Present	Absent
2	Plastids	Present	Absent
3	Centrioles	Absent	Present
4	Vacuole	Single, large	Small, many
5	Size	Generally larger	Generally smaller

X. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)

Q1. Why is a virus called acellular?

AnswerA virus is called acellular because it lacks all cellular structures — it has no cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, or organelles. It consists only of genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat (capsid). A virus cannot reproduce, grow, or carry out metabolism on its own. It shows living characteristics only inside a host cell.

Q2. Can bacterial cells prepare food?

AnswerYes, some bacteria can prepare their own food. Photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria) contain chlorophyll pigments and can perform photosynthesis. Chemosynthetic bacteria use chemical energy from inorganic substances (like hydrogen sulphide) to produce food. However, most bacteria are heterotrophic and depend on other organisms for nutrition.

Q3. Are stem cells used to treat diseases?

AnswerYes. Stem cells are used in medical treatments because they can divide and differentiate into various cell types. Applications include:

Spinal cord injury — stem cells can regenerate nerve tissue.
Blood disorders — bone marrow transplants use blood stem cells.
Burn treatment — stem cells help regenerate skin tissue.
Diabetes — research is exploring stem cells to produce insulin-making cells.

Their ability to become any cell type makes them invaluable in regenerative medicine.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

1. Confusing cell wall with cell membrane — The cell wall is found only in plant cells and is fully permeable. The cell membrane is found in all cells and is selectively permeable. Do not use them interchangeably.

2. Saying "bacteria are animal cells" — Bacteria are prokaryotic cells with no well-defined nucleus. They are neither plant nor animal cells.

3. Confusing chloroplast and mitochondria — Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis (light → glucose). Mitochondria perform respiration (glucose → ATP). They are opposite processes.

4. Forgetting that RBCs lack a nucleus — Mature red blood cells eject their nucleus. This is a common exam question — remember it.

5. Mixing up chromoplast and leucoplast — Chromoplasts contain coloured pigments (flowers, fruits). Leucoplasts are colourless and store starch/proteins/lipids.

6. Saying ribosomes have a membrane — Ribosomes are non-membranous organelles. They lack any membrane covering.

7. Saying cell membrane is fully permeable — The cell membrane is selectively permeable. Only the cell wall is fully permeable.

Exam Checklist

[ ] I can define a cell and name the basic unit of life
[ ] I can list all cell organelles and state their functions
[ ] I can draw and label a plant cell and an animal cell
[ ] I can distinguish plant cell from animal cell (at least 5 differences)
[ ] I know which organelles are unique to plant cells (cell wall, plastids) and animal cells (centrioles)
[ ] I can explain why mitochondria is called the powerhouse of the cell
[ ] I can explain why lysosomes are called suicidal bags / scavengers
[ ] I can define protoplasm (cytoplasm + nucleoplasm)
[ ] I know the sequence: Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism
[ ] I can classify given structures as Cell, Tissue, or Organ
[ ] I can solve analogy questions linking organelles to their functions
[ ] I can handle Assertion-Reason questions correctly
[ ] I know that RBCs lack a nucleus and bacteria are prokaryotic
[ ] I can explain why a virus is acellular
[ ] I can list the three types of plastids and their functions
[ ] I can define ATP and state its role
[ ] I can explain stem cells and their medical applications

Frequently Asked Questions

The main organelles are nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, ribosomes, and vacuoles. Each performs a specific function such as energy production, protein synthesis, or storage.